Abstract

Circulating tumor cells are cells that detach from the primary tumor site and migrate to the bone marrow or other tissues where they can initiate a metas- tatic site. Liquid biopsies are an emerging tool in the past decades that enables us to detect Circulating Tumor Cells in patients’ blood. Flow cytometry is a powerful tool used in liquid biopsy diagnostics. This aims to prove the sensi- tivity and specificity of a flow cytometric panel for the detection of CTCs in breast cancer patients using healthy individuals’ samples as controls. The study was blinded to the data analyzing researcher. Statistical analysis fol- lowed and results show 86.9% area under the curve which indicates that the particular method can be very promising for diagnosing breast cancer.

Keywords

CTCs, Breast Cancer, Diagnostics, Flow Cytometry

1. Introduction

Circulating tumor cells are a rare population of cells that shed from the primary tumor and are known to be found even at a very low number in the blood circula- tion of cancer patients. This subset of cancer cells is often associated with the rise of metastatic sites and cancer-related morbidity [1]. Detecting and sampling these cells is a form of liquid biopsy, which is a sensitive and minimally invasive method for early detection, disease monitoring and identification of potential drugable targets. Many studies have shown that their number can be correlated with disease progression and poor prognosis in various carcinomas [2] [3] [4] [5] [6].

Up to this date, the only FDA approved system for CTC detection and enu- meration is the Cell Search system. However, this platform only offers enumera- tions and limited phenotypic analysis based on the expression of two markers, CD45 and EpCAM [7] [8] [9].

Flow cytometry, on the other hand, is a rapid reproducible and sensitive me- thod for detecting antigens in cells both intracellular and extracellular. It pro- vides the opportunity for multiple antigen detection simultaneously, as well as DNA aneuploid populations [10] [11] [12] [13]. In recent years, a plethora of markers have emerged for characterizing CTCs with cytokeratins being the most commonly used [14] [15] [16] [17].

This study used a 3 color flow cytometric panel to characterize and detect CTCs in the patients’ samples. CD45 was used as a marker to exclude all white blood cells [18]. CD31 was used to exclude cells of endothelial origin [19] pan-cytokeratin to detect CTCs. The investigation was performed to validate the reliability of the multicolor flow cytometric panel as an alternative fluidic based method.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection

Blood samples from 61 breast cancer patients and 31 healthy individuals under sterile conditions in 50 ml falcon tubes (Corning, NY, USA) containing 7 ml of EDTA (Duchefa Biochemie, Kaarlem, The Netherlands) as anticoagulant. The cancer status of all the persons that took part in the study, whether they were healthy or not, was confirmed by physicians. In the case of cancer patients, the inclusion criteria involved the existence of a solid tumor. The solid tumors in the majority of cases will release CTCs in the circulation which is what the panel in this study will detect. The study was performed using samples from March to April 2019. Informed consent was acquired from all individuals participating in the study. The study was approved by the RGCC Group SA ethics committee.

2.2. Blinding Procedure

All the samples were given a five-digit code and were blinded before the staining procedure and the data analysis. After analyzing the data, samples were revealed for classification and statistical analysis for calculating the sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve.

2.3. Sample Staining

The following mouse antihuman antibodies were used for staining: anti- pancy- tokeratin (Sigma, Germany) conjugated with PE/Cy5 conjugation kit (AbCAM, Cambridge, UK), CD31-RPE (AbDSerotec, Oxford, UK) and CD45-PE/Cy7 (In- vitrogen, California, USA). For intracellular staining for the cytokeratins anti- gens, LEUCOPERM fixation and permeabilization kit were used (AbDSerotec, Oxford, UK). Staining protocols were executed as instructed by the manufactur- ers’ protocols. 100 uls of whole blood were stained with 5 ug/ml of CD45-PE/Cy7 and 5 ug/ml of CD31-RPE antibodies and incubated for 20 minutes. After that, cells were fixed for 10 minutes using 100 ul Reagent A from the LEUCOPERM kit followed by 2 washing steps with 2 ml of phosphate buffer saline and centri- fugation at 300 g for 10 minutes. Cell permeabilization was performed by using 100 ul of Reagent B from the LEUCOPERM kit. Immediately after that, the cy- tokeratin antibody was adding at a concentration of 5 ug/ml. Incubation period was 20 minutes. 2 more washing steps followed as described above. After the last centrifugation cells were re-suspended in 500 ul of PBS solution for acquisition on the flow cytometer.

2.4. Sample Acquisition and FC Data Analysis

Samples were analyzed using a Beckman Coulter FC500 equiped with a blue ar- gon laser at 488 nm. 100.000 events were collected from each sample. FC data were then analyzed using FCS Express v6 (DeNovo software). Gating strategy was performed to exclude WBCs and endothelial cells and select the CK positive cells as shown in Figure 1. More specifically on a CD45/SSC dot plot a gate was drawn to select only the CD45- population. On a CD31/SSC dot plot a gate was drawn to select the CD31- population. Finally on a Pan-CK/SSC dot plot a gate was drawn to select the Pan-CK+ population. By using the FCS Express V6

Figure 1. Gating strategy for determining the CK+ cells. Upper left dot plot shows exclusion of CD45+ cells. Upper right dot plot shows exclusion of CD31+ cells. Bottom dot plot show selection of CK+ cells. All gates were drawn based on the negative control.

feature of Gate View, the CD31- gate was set as a subgate of the CD45- and the Pan-CK gate as a subgate of the CD31- gate. This way the detected events had a phenotype of CD45-/CD31-/pan-CK+ (Figures 2-3).

2.5. Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the method as well as the area under the curve. For the statistical calculations, the SPSS software was used. P values lower than 0.05 were considered statistical- ly significant with a confidence interval of 95%

3. Results

After analyzing the data on FCS Express software, the identity of the candidates was revealed to the researcher and the samples were classified as cancerous and healthy. Out of the 61 cancerous samples, 55 were found positive after testing. Out of the 31 healthy samples 7 were found positive for the presence of CTCs. Results are summarized in Table 1. Results show 0.863 areas under the curve in- dicating that there is 86.3% probability for a randomly selected cancerous case to be regarded with greater suspicion than a healthy one as shown in Figure 4. Sensitivity, which generally refers to the probability that a test result will be posi- tive when CTCs are present, was high, calculated at 90.16%. Specificity which refers to the probability that a test will be negative when CTCs are not present was also high, at 77.42%.

4. Discussion

Cancer-related deaths are increasing at an exponential rate each year in the ma- jority of countries [20]. Thus it is imperative for the clinical doctor to have tools at their disposal for diagnosing cancer at the very early stages. The gold standard up to now has been the common biopsies which can be an invasive procedure, and also dangerous for the patient if not done correctly [21]. Thus it is essential

Table 1. Summarized results of patients and healthy individuals. Tested refers to the outcome of the flow cytometry experiment while real refers to the actual condition of the person.

Figure 2. A healthy sample analysis. No CD45-/CD31-/CK+ cells were detected.

Figure 3. A cancer sample analysis. Five cells were found to be CD45-/CD31-/CK+.

to evolve the new tool that has emerged in the later years, the liquid biopsies [22] [23].

Several platforms have been developed for detecting CTCs as the FDA ap- proved Cell Search system mentioned in the introduction. This is a magnetic bead-based isolation of cells based on EpCAM expression alone followed by

Figure 4. ROC analysis. Area under the curve was found to be 86.3%. Confidence interval 95%.

immunocytochemimal staining for CD45 and CK. The drawback however of this method is that a proportion of CTCs may be lost during enrichment procedure because of loss of EpCAM antigen expression [24].

This study used a highly sensitive technique, flow cytometry, coupled with a multiparameter panel to increase the sensitivity and specificity of CTC detection in breast cancer patients. Compared to previous studies as well as the gold stan- dard for liquid biopsies it was proven to be a very sensitive method that can be used as a test to detect CTCs when they are present in a sample, leading to a non-invasive and fast procedure [25]. Of course, further studies are needed to increase the sensitivity and specificity of the method thus improving the diag- nostic role of this technique.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa- per.

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